Method for quantitatively determining LDL cholesterols

ABSTRACT

A method for quantitatively determining LDL cholesterol, including the steps of adding to serum a surfactant selected from among polyoxyethylenealkylene phenyl ethers and polyoxyethylenealkylene tribenzylphenyl ethers and a cholesterol-assaying enzyme reagent so as to preferentially react cholestrols in high density- and very low density-cholesterols among lipoproteins, and subsequently determining the amount of cholesterol that reacts thereafter. This method can eliminate the necessity for pretreatments such as centrifugation and electrophoresis, enables the quantitative determination to be conducted in an efficient, simple manner, and can be applied to various automatic analyzers.

CONTINUATION DATA

This application is a Continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.10/859,999, filed Jun. 4, 2004, pending, which is a Continuation of U.S.application Ser. No. 09/971,673, filed on Oct. 9, 2001, now allowed,which is a Continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/510,170, filedon Feb. 22, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,333,166, which is a Continuationof U.S. Ser. No. 09/147,296, filed Nov. 23, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No.6,057,118, which is a 371 of PCT/JP97/01232, filed Apr. 10, 1997.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a-method for quantitatively andfractionally determining LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein) cholesterol andcholesterol in lipoproteins other than LDL in an efficient, simplemanner which requires a small amount of samples and requires notreatment for separation, such as centrifugation or electrophoresis.

BACKGROUND ART

Lipids such as cholesterols bind to apoprotein in serum to formlipoprotein. Lipoprotein is typically classified as chylomicron, verylow density lipoprotein (VLDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), highdensity lipoprotein (HDL), etc. according to physical properties. Amongthem, LDL is known to be a causal substance inducing arteriosclerosis.

Several epidemiological studies have clarified that the LDL cholesterollevel is strongly correlated to onset frequency of arterioscleroticdisease. Therefore, realization of measurement of LDL cholesterolthrough a simple routine method might be very useful clinically.

With regard to conventional methods for measuring LDL cholesterol, therehave been known, for example, a method in which LDL is separated fromother lipoproteins by ultracentrifugation to measure cholesterol and amethod in which lipid is stained after separation throughelectrophoresis so as to measure the intensity of developed color.However, most of these methods are not used routinely, due to theirintricate operations and limitations in handling a number of specimens.There is also known a method in which a carrier is sensitized with anantibody which binds a lipoprotein other than LDL, then mixed with asample, and a fraction not bound to the carrier is fractionated tomeasure cholesterols therein. Although this method is more suited I forroutine assay as compared with the previous two methods, the assayprocedure involves manual steps, which makes automation of the assayprocedures difficult. Thus, the method is still unsuited for handling alarge number of specimens.

Meanwhile, with regard to a method for quantitatively and fractionallydetermining lipoproteins in a sample without using means for separationsuch as ultracentrifugation or electrophoresis, there has been known amethod in which, upon fractional determination of cholesterols in HDLand other lipoproteins (i.e., chylomicron, VLDL, and LDL), reactivity ofenzymes employed (typically cholesterol oxidase and (cholesterolesterase) is controlled to induce exclusively HDL cholesterol to enzymereaction. For example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open (kokai) No.7-301636 discloses a method for exclusively measuring HDL cholesterol byuse of a surfactant and a sugar compound, and Japanese PatentApplication Laid-Open (kokai) No. 6-242110 discloses a method forexclusively measuring cholesterol in a target lipoprotein byagglutinating lipoproteins other than the lipoprotein to be measured soas to control reactivity with an enzyme. These methods are significantlyuseful in view of applicability thereof to automatic analyzers whichrealize automation of all steps. However, these methods have limitationsin that they can quantitatively determine only HDL fractionated fromlipoproteins other than HDL, and have no further ability to determineLDL quantitatively and fractionally from a mixture of VLDL andchylomicron. Therefore, these methods cannot meet an objective tomeasure LDL cholesterol without using separation means.

Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open (kokai) No. 7-280812 discloses amethod for determining LDL cholesterol comprising the steps ofagglutinating LDL; removing cholesterols in other lipoproteins by asystem which differs from a system for determining LDL; dissolving theagglutination of LDL; and reacting the LDL cholesterol. However, similarto the methods described in the above two publications, Japanese PatentApplication Laid-Open (kokai) 7-280812 proposes no resolution toquantitative and fractional determination of LDL and VLDL and/orchylomicron, which is absolutely essential for determining LDLcholesterol. There is also a problem with this method; it cannot beapplied to commonly-used automatic analyzers due to a large ! number ofsteps required for the assay, making this method of very limited use.

Thus, with conventional techniques, LDL cholesterol can never be assayedeffectively without performance of an operation for separation, and,moreover, there has been no information indicating possibility of theabove measurement.

Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide a methodfor quantitatively and fractionally determining LDL cholesterolefficiently in a simple manner while eliminating necessity forpretreatments such as centrifugation or electrophoresis and which can beapplied to a variety of automatic analyzers.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

In view of the foregoing, the present inventors have conducted earneststudies, and have found that reaction with a cholesterol-assaying enzymereagent performed in the presence of a specific surfactant whichdissolves lipoproteins accelerates reaction of HDL cholesterol and VLDLcholesterol and remarkably retards reaction of LDL cholesterol; thatreaction of HDL cholesterol and VLDL cholesterol are terminated prior toreaction of LDL cholesterol; and that LDL cholesterol can be measuredquantitatively and fractionally by appropriate selection of a point ofmeasurement, allowing for application to automated analyzers. Thepresent invention was accomplished based on these findings.

Accordingly, the present invention provides a method for quantitativelydetermining LDL cholesterol, comprising the steps of adding to serum asurfactant selected from among polyoxyethylenealkylene phenyl ethers andpolyoxyethylenealkylene tribenzylphenyl ethers and acholesterol-assaying enzyme reagent, to thereby induce preferentialreactions of cholesterols in high density- and very lowdensity-lipoproteins among lipoproteins, and subsequently determiningthe amount of cholesterol which reacts thereafter.

The present invention also provides a method for quantitativelydetermining LDL cholesterol, characterized by comprising the steps ofadding to serum a surfactant selected from among polyoxyethylenealkylenephenyl ethers and polyoxyethylenealkylene tribenzylphenyl ethers, asubstance exhibiting stronger bonding affinity to VLDL than to LDL, anda cholesterol-assaying enzyme reagent, to thereby induce preferentialreactions of cholesterols in high density- and very lowdensity-lipoproteins among lipoproteins, and subsequently determiningthe amount of cholesterol which reacts thereafter.

Furthermore, the present invention provides a kit for quantitativelydetermining LDL cholesterol, comprising a cholesterol-assaying enzymereagent and a surfactant selected from among polyoxyethylenealkylenephenyl ethers and polyoxyethylenealkylene tribenzylphenyl ethers.Furthermore, the present invention provides a kit for quantitativelydetermining LDL cholesterol as described above, further comprising asubstance which exhibits stronger bonding affinity to VLDL than to LDL.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows correlation of measurements of LDL cholesterol obtained inExample 1 through a method of the present invention and measurements ofLDL cholesterol obtained through ultracentrifugation.

FIG. 2 shows correlation of measurements of LDL cholesterol obtained inExample 2 through a method of the present invention and measurements ofLDL cholesterol obtained through ultracentrifugation.

FIG. 3 shows correlation of measurements of LDL cholesterol obtained inExample 3 through a method of the present invention and measurements ofLDL cholesterol obtained through ultracentrifugation.

BEST MODES FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

The surfactants which are used in the present invention are selectedfrom among polyoxyethylenealkylene phenyl ethers andpolyoxyethylenealkylene tribenzylphenyl ethers and dissolvelipoproteins. Examples of the former ethers include Emulgen A-60(Product of Kao Corporation) and examples of the latter ethers includeEmulgen B66 (Product of Kao Corporation). The surfactants may be usedsingly or in combination of two or more species. The amount of usedepends on the compound and is not particularly limited. Under normalconditions, the surfactants are preferably used at a concentration of0.01-2 wt.% so as to obtain a sensitivity that permits detection of LDLcholesterol within a desired assay time, which differs in accordancewith the janalytical apparatus to which a reagent is applied.

The method for assaying cholesterol according to the present inventionis preferably practiced in the presence of a substance exhibitingstronger bonding affinity to VLDL than to LDL. Particularly, when thespecimen is chylomicron-containing serum, addition of the abovesubstance provides excellent assay results. Examples of such substancesinclude polyanions and substances forming a divalent metal salt.Specific examples of the polyanions include phosphotungstic acid andsalts thereof, dextran sulfate, and heparin; and more specific examplesof the above substances include divalent metal chlorides such as MgC12,CaCl2, MnC12, or NiC12 or hydrates thereof. These substances may be usedsingly or in combination of two or more species. The amount of usedepends on the compound and is not particularly limited. Preferably,polyanions are used in an amount of 0.002-10 wt.% and the substancesforming divalent metal ions are used in an amount of 0.01-1 wt.%, bothin terms of a terminal concentration in reaction.

A surfactant and a substance exhibiting stronger bonding affinity toVLDL than to LDL are added to serum serving as a specimen and may beadded separately or in the form of a mixture. Briefly, the former, thelatter, and a cholesterol-assaying enzyme reagent may be addedseparately; either of the former and the latter and a mixture of thecounterpart and a cholesterol-assaying enzyme reagent may be addedseparately; or a mixture of the three components may be added as areagent.

Any known enzymatic assay methods may be used for assaying cholesterols.Examples of the methods include a method employing a combination ofcholesterol esterase and cholesterol oxidase as an enzyme reagent, aswell as a method employing a combination of cholesterol esterase andcholesterol dehydrogenase as an enzyme reagent. Of these, a methodemploying a combination of cholesterol esterase and cholesterol oxidaseis preferred. No particular limitation is imposed on the method forfinally detecting cholesterols following addition of thesecholesterol-assaying enzyme reagents, and examples thereof include anabsorptiometric analysis employing a further combination of peroxidaseand a chromogen and direct detection of a coenzyme or hydrogen peroxide.

In order to perform an LDL cholesterol assay, the amount of relevantreaction is determined after termination of reactions of cholesterols inlipoproteins other than LDL. There may be employed a method in whichreaction of cholesterols in lipoproteins other than LDL is substantiallycompleted after allowing the reaction to proceed for a specific time,and a reaction which proceeds thereafter is kinetically monitored.Alternatively, there may be employed a method in which an additionalreaction-accelerating agent is further added so as to acceleratereaction of LDL; the reaction that has caused therefrom is measuredthrough a reaction end-point method; and the value is adjusted by use ofa blank value (2-points method). With regard to thereaction-accelerating agents which may be used in the 2-points methodinclude the same surfactants that are used in reaction of cholesterolsin lipoproteins other than LDL in a higher concentration and anotherkind of surfactant. In the 2-points method, cholesterols may beintroduced into another reaction system isolated from a system fordetermining LDL to exclusively detect reaction of LDL cholesterol duringreaction of cholesterols in lipoproteins other than LDL.

Examples of other lipoproteins contained in serum include chylomicron,which typically appears exclusively after ingestion of food. Chylomicronhas approximately the same reactivity as that of VLDL. Therefore,reactivity of chylomicron is also accelerated in a manner similar to thecase of VLDL by addition of polyanions, a substance which forms divalentmetal ions, etc. and reaction of chylomicron is also completed when thereaction of VLDL is completed. Thus, LDL cholesterol may be determinedquantitatively and fractionally through measurment of the reactionamount of cholesterols thereafter.

EXAMPLES

The present invention will next be described by way of examples, whichshould not be construed as limiting the invention thereto.

Example 1

Normal-lipid serum specimens were assayed for LDL cholesterol through amethod of the present invention by use of a Hitachi model 7070 automaticanalyzer, and the measurements were compared with those obtained throughultracentrifugation. The results are shown in FIG. 1.

Briefly, to a specimen (4[1), a reagent (300˜L1) containing sodiumphosphotungstate (0.02 wt.%) and MgC12—6H20 (0.2 wt.%) was added.Approximately five minutes later, there was added a cholesterol-assayingreagent (100 μl) containing Emulgen A60 (product of Kao Corporation)(0.5 wt.%), cholesterol esterase (1 U/ml), cholesterol oxidase (1 U/ml),peroxidase (1 U/ml), 4-aminoantipyrine (0.005 wt.%), andN,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine (0.04 wt.%), and the changes in absorbance at545 nm during the period of one minute to five minutes after theaddition of the second reagent were measured.

For ultracentrifugation, the serum was subjected to centrifugation at100,0008 for two hours by use of an ultracentrifuge, to thereby removethe upper layer. To an aliquot (1 ml) collected from the resultant lowerlayer, a heparin solution (40 μl; heparin=5000 usp units/ml) and a 1MMgC12 solution (50 μl) were added, and the mixture was centrifuged at5000 rpm for 30 minutes, to thereby obtain a supernatant. The solution(containing LDL and HDL) of the lower layer obtained throughultracentrifugation and the fractionated supernatant (containing HDL)obtained through addition of a solution of heparin and a solution ofMgC12 were subjected to cholesterol assay, and the value obtained, bysubtracting the latter from the former represents the LDL cholesterollevel (Reference; Paul S. Bachorik et al., Clin. Chem. 41/10, 1414-1420,1955).

As shown in FIG. 1, the present invention provides measurements havingexcellent correlation to those obtained through conventionalcentrifugation, even though the method of the present invention requiresa small amount of sample and can be carried out in a simple manner.

Example 2

A specimen that contains chylomicron-containg serum having a hightriglyceride level was assayed for LDL cholesterol through a method ofthe present invention by use of a Hitachi model 7070 automatic analyzer,and the measurements were compared with those obtained throughultracentrifugation. The results are shown in FIG. 2.

Briefly, to a specimen (4 μ1), a reagent (300 μl) containing Emulgen B66(product of Kao Corporation) (0.5 wt.%), cholesterol esterase (0.3U/ml), cholesterol oxidase (0.3 U/ml), peroxidase (0.3 U/ml), and4-aminoantipyrine (0.002 wt.%) was added. Approximately five minuteslater, there was added a reagent (100 μl) containing Triton X-100 (1wt.%) and N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine (0.04 wt.%), and the changes inabsorbance were measured by subtracting the absorbance measured at 545nm before the addition of the second reagent from that measured fiveminutes after the addition thereof (correction in consideration of thechange in amount of the reagents).

In the ultracentrifugation step, the procedure of Example 1 wasrepeated.

As shown in FIG. 2, similar to the case of Example 1, in Example 2measurements of LDL cholesterol having excellent correlation to thoseobtained through conventional centrifugation were obtained.

Example 3

The procedure of Example 2 was repeated by use of the same specimen andreagents except that phosphotungstic acid (0.3 wt.%) was furtherincorporated in the first reagent, and the measurements were comparedwith those obtained through ultracentrifugation. The results are shownin FIG. 3.

As shown in FIG. 3, similar to the case of Example 1, in Example 3measurements of LDL cholesterol having excellent correlation to thoseobtained through conventional centrifugation were obtained, even thougha serum specimen containing chylomicron-containing serum was used.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

The present invention eliminates the necessity for pretreatment such ascentrifugation and electrophoresis, and enables quantitativedetermination of LDL cholesterol, fractional to cholesterols containedin other lipoproteins, to be performed in an efficient, simple manner,and thus can be applied to various automatic analyzers used in clinicalexaminations. Thus, the invention is remarkably useful in the clinicalfield.

1. A method for quantitatively determining low density lipoproteincholesterol, comprising the steps of adding to serum a surfactantselected from among polyoxyethylenealkylene phenyl ethers andpolyoxyethylenealkylene tribenzylphenyl ethers and acholesterol-assaying enzyme reagent, to thereby induce preferentialreactions of cholesterols in high density- and very lowdensity-lipoproteins among lipoproteins, and subsequently determiningthe amount of cholesterol which reacts thereafter.
 2. A method forquantitatively determining low density lipoprotein cholesterol,characterized by comprising the steps of adding to serum a surfactantselected from among polyoxyethylenealkylene phenyl ethers andpolyoxyethylenealkylene tribenzylphenyl ethers, a substance exhibitingstronger bonding affinity to very low density lipoprotein than to lowdensity lipoprotein, and a cholesterol-assaying enzyme reagent, tothereby induce preferential reactions cholesterols in high density- andvery low density-lipoproteins among lipoproteins, and subsequently,determining the amount of cholesterol which reacts thereafter.
 3. Themethod for quantitatively determining low “density lipoproteincholesterol according to claim 2, wherein the substance exhibitingstronger bonding affinity to very low density lipoprotein than to lowdensity lipoprotein is a’;polyanion or a substance forming a divalentmetal salt.
 4. A kit for quantitatively determining low densitylipoprotein cholesterol, comprising a cholesterol-assaying enzymereagent and a surfactant selected from among polyoxyethylenealkylenephenyl ethers and polyoxyethylenealkylene tribenzylphenyl ethers.
 5. Thekit for quantitative determination according to claim 4, furthercomprising a substance which exhibits stronger bonding affinity to verylow density lipoprotein than to low density lipoprotein.